EFFECTS OF FGM

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), often referred to as female circumcision, represents a detrimental cultural practice that entails the partial or complete excision of the external female genitalia or other forms of harm to the female genital organs, primarily for non-medical purposes. This practice is widely acknowledged as a breach of human rights (it has significant short- and long-term repercussions) because it leads to various physical, psychological and social consequences. Although the effects of FGM are severe, they are often overlooked, however, they demand urgent attention.

1. Immediate Physical Effects

Severe pain and trauma: The procedure is frequently conducted without anesthesia, which leads to extreme discomfort. However, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can occur; cutting sensitive tissues may result in potentially life-threatening blood loss. Infections pose another risk: non-sterile instruments and unsanitary conditions can lead to bacterial infections, including tetanus and sepsis. Furthermore, urinary complications may arise—swelling and tissue damage often obstruct urination. Shock can also ensue, as physical trauma and pain may lead to immediate medical shock. Although death is not a desired outcome, severe bleeding or infections can ultimately result in fatal consequences.

2. Long-Term Physical Consequences

Chronic pain—such as persistent pelvic pain, discomfort during menstruation and pain during urination—are quite common. However, scar tissue and keloid formation can occur; improper healing may lead to thickened scar tissue, which in turn causes further complications. Although these issues are often overlooked, they can significantly impact quality of life because they exacerbate existing discomfort. This is important to recognize, as it highlights the need for effective management strategies.

- Reproductive health issues:

Childbirth can be exceptionally challenging (1) due to scarring and narrowed vaginal openings. However, this difficulty often leads to an increased risk of obstetric complications. For instance, women may experience prolonged labor, postpartum hemorrhage and (in some cases) fistulas. Although these outcomes are concerning, they are not uncommon, because the physical changes that occur during childbirth can significantly impact the process.

- Increased risk of neonatal death.

Sexual dysfunction (which can manifest as reduced or absent sexual pleasure) often results from nerve damage; moreover, it may also involve pain during intercourse (known as dyspareunia). The increased risk of HIV and other infections is another concern, because the use of unclean instruments and tissue damage significantly heightens susceptibility to various infections. However, individuals must be aware of these risks, for they can greatly impact one’s overall well-being. Although many may underestimate the importance of addressing these issues, this awareness is crucial.

3. Psychological and Emotional Effects

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) affects many women, as they often experience flashbacks, anxiety and depression. Feelings of betrayal can arise, particularly when such actions are perpetrated by trusted family members or community figures, which ultimately leads to lasting emotional scars. Furthermore, low self-esteem and issues regarding body image emerge because of the stigma or shame connected with physical changes. Fear of sexual intimacy is also prevalent; emotional and physical trauma may result in avoidance of sexual relationships. However, addressing these complexities is essential for healing and recovery, although it can be a challenging journey.

4. Social and Cultural Consequences

Stigma and ostracization (though it may vary by community): women who opt not to undergo FGM often encounter rejection or discrimination in societies that uphold this practice. Reduced educational and economic opportunities arise (however) for girls subjected to FGM; they may be compelled into early marriages or taken out of school. Gender inequality is a significant concern: FGM not only perpetuates control over women’s sexuality but also reinforces discriminatory cultural norms, which is alarming because it restricts their autonomy and freedom.

Preventive Measures and Global Efforts

Legal actions: A significant number of countries have prohibited FGM, imposing penalties on those who either perform or facilitate this practice. Community education is crucial; raising awareness about the dangers associated with FGM, however, is just the beginning of the solution. Support for survivors involves not only providing medical care but also psychological and social support to those affected. Global advocacy is essential, as international organizations—such as WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA—strive to eradicate FGM by 2030, driven by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Although FGM remains a deeply entrenched practice in various cultures, its detrimental effects on women's health and rights render its eradication a matter of global urgency. If you or someone you know has been impacted, please seek medical and psychological care (immediately).